KEY TERMS:

1. CLASS: The class always has to be called in order for the code to be run.

2. METHOD: Akin to the CSP procedure which is being called. This is the code being run.

3. SIGNATURE: public static void, string[] args

4. METHOD CALL: How is the code in question being run?

public class HelloStatic {

    public static void main(String[] args) {    
        System.out.println("Welcome to CSA!");
    }
}

HelloStatic.main(null);   

Welcome to CSA!

// defining the public class called Ager
public class Ager {
    // creating the two instance variables, quite basic (player, age)
    private String player;
    private String age;

    // constructor, initializes the instance variables declared above
    public Ager(String initplayer, String initage) {
        player = initplayer;
        age = initage;
    }

    // Setter method to change the player's name
    public void setPlayer(String newPlayer) {
        player = newPlayer;
    }

    // easy print method, formatting
    public void print() {
        System.out.println("Player: " + player);
        System.out.println("Age: " + age);
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // creates instance of class
        Ager p1 = new Ager("LeBron James", "38");

        // Using the setter to change the player's name
        p1.setPlayer("LeBron Updated Setter Name");
        // calling print method
        p1.print();

        Ager p2 = new Ager("Michael Jordan", "60");
        
        p2.setPlayer("MJ Updated Setter Name");
        p2.print();
    }
}

// calls main method in order to get an output
Ager.main(null);

Player: LeBron Updated Setter Name
Age: 38
Player: MJ Updated Setter Name
Age: 60

import java.util.Arrays; // array ops
import java.util.Scanner; // allows for user input

// class declaration
public class StatsCalculator {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in); // reads user input

        // prompts user for input
        System.out.print("Enter a list of comma-separated whole numbers: ");
        String input = scanner.nextLine(); // reads input as a string

        // makes an array of strings --> int array
        int[] data = Arrays.stream(input.split(","))
                           .mapToInt(Integer::parseInt)
                           .toArray();

        // finds highest value. if there is no max value then it returns the min value.
        System.out.println("High: " + Arrays.stream(data).max().orElse(Integer.MIN_VALUE));
        // finds lowest value. if there is no low value it returns the max value.
        System.out.println("Low: " + Arrays.stream(data).min().orElse(Integer.MAX_VALUE));
        // calculates standard deviation of dataset
        System.out.println("Standard Deviation: " + calculateStdDev(data));

        scanner.close(); // closes scanner
    }

    // calculcates std of int array
    public static double calculateStdDev(int[] values) {
        // mean
        double mean = Arrays.stream(values).average().orElse(Double.NaN);
        // sum of squared diffs
        double squaredDiffSum = Arrays.stream(values).mapToDouble(v -> Math.pow(v - mean, 2)).sum();
        // variance --> sqrt (variance) = std
        double variance = squaredDiffSum / values.length;
        return Math.sqrt(variance); 
    }
}

StatsCalculator.main(null);

Enter a list of comma-separated whole numbers: High: 5
Low: 3
Standard Deviation: 0.816496580927726