Iteration

According to CollegeBoard, Iteration is a way to simplify code that would otherwise be repeated many times in succession. Using loops, we can finally implement complex algorithms and solutions to common problems that we weren’t able to before.

Iteration is repeating sequences to simplify code of advanced algorithms

Iteration accounts for 17.5%-22.5% of the APCSA AP Exam

4.1: WHILE LOOPS

Learning Objective: Represent Iterative Processes using a while loop

Question: What is a loop and what are some real life examples of this (Setting a Song to repeat on your music player)

ANSWER: One real life example of a loop is a traffic light. Here, if statements are utilized to determine what color the traffic light currently is and then it helps decide when to switch to the next color.

You know the i variable that you use for while/for loops? It actually has a name, loop control variable

int i = 0; // initialize loop control variable
while (i < 10)  // checks the loop control variable
{
    System.out.println("Doing some code");
    i++;  // update the loop control variable
}

// POPCORN HACK: SIMPLIFIED THE CODE

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
    System.out.println(i);
}

int i = 0;
while (i < 5) { System.out.println(i);
i++;
}

Infinite loop

An infinite loop is when a while loop always evaluates to true. avoid this when you can because it’s probably not good for your computer. if this happens by accident, I recommend copying all code in the block and deleting the block. After you delete the code block, close and reopen the tab that the code block was in.

What’s wrong with this code block?

ANSWER: This code block will continue to execute, and will eventually destroy the computer’s performance where this code is being run.

while (true)
{
    System.out.print("CONTROL ");
}
// DO NOT RUN THE CODE

Do While loop

What will this code block output?

ANSWER: This code block will output “Quite Shrimple.”

// Quite shrimple
int i = 0;
do 
{
    System.out.print("Quite shrimple. ");
    i++;
}
while (i < -5);

Quite shrimple.

In a do while loop, it will run the “do” once before it reaches the “while”, and at that point it will start to act like a while loop.

For loop

this is the standard structure of a for loop

for (initialization; Boolean expression; update)
{
    System.out.println("Doing some code");
}

|   for (initialization; Boolean expression; update)

not a statement

|   for (initialization; Boolean expression; update)

';' expected

|   for (initialization; Boolean expression; update)

not a statement

|   for (initialization; Boolean expression; update)

')' expected

Initialization will run at the start of the loop, boolean expression will get checked with every loop, and update runs after every loop.

How many times will this code print “Doing some code?”

ANSWER: This code will print “Doing some code” 5 times.

for (int num = 1; num <= 5; num++)
{
    System.out.println("Doing some code");
}

Doing some code
Doing some code
Doing some code
Doing some code
Doing some code

In this code, it creates the variable num at the start of the loop, it checks if num is less than or equal to 5 after each loop, and it adds 1 to num after each loop.

Enhanced for loop

this is essentially a javascript for loop, as it will iterate through a list and run code in the loop to each variable inside the list

int[] list = {1, 4, 6, 2};
for (int j : list)
{
    System.out.print(j);
    System.out.print(" ");
}

1 4 6 2

Break and Continue

In java there are breaks, but there are also continues.

Break

Breaks, as you likely already know, end a loop. They tend to be used with an if statement

How many times will this code print “Big guy?”

ANSWER: This code will print “Big guy” 5 times.

int i = 0; 
while (i < 10) 
{
    System.out.println("Big guy");
    i++;  
    if (i == 5) {
        break;
    }
}

Big guy
Big guy
Big guy
Big guy
Big guy

Continue

Continue will skip code for an iteration, but will still keep the loop running

int i = 0; 
while (i < 10) 
{
    if (i == 5) {
        i++; // don't forget this, it creates an error similar to an infinite loop
        System.out.println("");
        continue;
    }
    System.out.println(i);
    i++;  
}

4.3: Developing Algorithms Using Strings

Learning Objective: For algorithms in the context of a particular specification that involves String objects:

Methods in Java that help to MANIPULATE STRINGS

String.substring - Retrieves a particular portion of a String
String.equals - Comparees the content of two strings
String.length - Returns the length of a String

public class Compare {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        String string1 = "Coding is cool!";
        String string2 = "Coding is coding!";

        int minLength = Math.min(string1.length(), string2.length());

        for (int i = 0; i < minLength; i++) {
            String subString1 = string1.substring(0, i + 1);
            String subString2 = string2.substring(0, i + 1);

            if (subString1.equals(subString2)) {
                System.out.println("Common Prefix: " + subString2);
            }
        }
    }
}
Compare.main(null)

Common Prefix: C
Common Prefix: Co
Common Prefix: Cod
Common Prefix: Codi
Common Prefix: Codin
Common Prefix: Coding
Common Prefix: Coding 
Common Prefix: Coding i
Common Prefix: Coding is
Common Prefix: Coding is 
Common Prefix: Coding is c
Common Prefix: Coding is co

Where are the 3 methods in the above Java Cell and how do they contribute to the program’s functionality?

ANSWER:

word.length(): Gets the length (number of characters) of the string word.

word.charAt(i): Retrieves the character at a specific index i within the string word. It allows the code to access and examine each character in the string one by one.

System.out.println(): This method is used to print the result of the vowel count to the console.

String word = "supercalifragilisticexpialidocious";
int count = 0;

for (int i = 0; i < word.length(); i++) {
    char letter = word.charAt(i);
    if (letter == 'a' || letter == 'e' || letter == 'i' || letter == 'o' || letter == 'u') {
        count++;
    }
}

System.out.println("The Number of vowels in \"" + word + "\" is " + count);

The Number of vowels in "supercalifragilisticexpialidocious" is 16

What does word.length() do and how do we use it above?

ANSWER: In the for loop, the condition i < word.length() is used to iterate through each character of the string ‘supercalifragilisticexpialidocious

What Boolean Operator is used?

**ANSWER: logical OR operator, which is represented by the ‘

’ symbol**

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        String word = "Scooby Doo";
        String sub = "Doo";
        boolean found = false;

        for (int i = 0; i <= word.length() - sub.length(); i++) {
            String portion = word.substring(i, i + sub.length());
            if (portion.equals(sub)) {
                found = true;
            }
        }
        if (found) {
            System.out.println("We found the Smaller String!");
        } else {
            System.out.println("We did not find the Smaller String! \t Ruh Roh!");
        }
    }
}
Main.main(null)

We found the Smaller String!

String concatenation

String concatenation is when you want to add to strings together

String original = "String";
String reversed = "";
for (int i = 0; i < original.length(); i++)
{
    String single = original.substring(i,i+1);
    reversed = single + reversed;
}
System.out.println("Original String: " + original);
System.out.println("Reversed String: " + reversed);

4.4: Nested Iteration

Learning Objective: Represent nested iteration processes

Essential Knowledge:

Nested iteration is when an iteration statement appears inside the body of another iteration statement
The inner loop must complete all of its iterations before the outer loop can continue.

Before uncommenting the code, guess what the output will look like:

GUESS: IT WILL OUTPUT ‘1 2’ 4 times.

public class NestedLoops{

    public static void main(String[] args){

        for (int outer = 1; outer < 5; outer++){

            for (int inner = 1; inner < 3; inner++){
                
                System.out.print(inner + " ");
             }

            System.out.println();

         } 

    }
}

NestedLoops.main(null)

What will the output of the code above be if we switch the loop headers (the stuff inside of the for loop)?

GUESS: The lengths of lines and numbers are going to be different.

After making a prediction actually switch the loop headers for yourself. What do you notice about the output compared to the output before the change?

ANSWER: The output compared to the output before gets swapped, so the numbers print out backwards.

4.5: Informal Code Analysis

Essential Knowledge:

A statement exectution count indicates the number of times a statement is executed by the program

for (int outer = 0; outer < 3; outer++){
    for (int inner = 0; inner < 4; inner++){
        // statement #1
    }
}

In the code above, how many times will the inner loop execute when outer = 0?

ANSWER: 3

In the code above, how many times will the inner loop execute when outer = 1?

ANSWER: 2

In the code above, how many times will the inner loop execute when outer = 2?

ANSWER: 1

In the code above, how many times will the inner loop execute in total?

ANSWER: 12

for (int outer = 5; outer > 0; outer--){
    for (int inner = 0; inner < outer; inner++){
        // statement #1
    }
}

In the code above, how many times will the inner loop execute when outer = 5?

ANSWER: 15

In the code above, how many times will the inner loop execute when outer = 4?

ANSWER: 10

In the code above, how many times will the inner loop execute when outer = 3?

ANSWER: 6

In the code above, how many times will the inner loop execute in total?

ANSWER: 15

int k = 0;
while (k < 5){
    int x = (int)(Math.random()*6) + 1;
    while (x != 6){
        //statement #1
        x = (int)(Math.random()*6) + 1;
    }
    k++;
}

In the code above, how many times will the statement #1 execute?

ANSWER: It will be a random number of times because of the Math.random

for (int k = 0; k < 135; k++){
    if (k % 5 == 0){ // Statement #1
        System.out.print(k); // Statement #2
    }
}

05101520253035404550556065707580859095100105110115120125130

In the code above, how many times will the statement #1 execute?

ANSWER: 27

In the code above, how many times will the statement #2 execute?

ANSWER: 27

Rewrite the code above to be more effecient based on execution count.

int k = 0;
while (k < 135) {
    System.out.print(k);
    k += 5;
}

// this is more efficient, as it only considers multiples of 5, making it a lot more efficient

05101520253035404550556065707580859095100105110115120125130

HACKS

These hacks will be due on Monday (October 16th) before class

Hacks

Finish the popcorn hacks (0.2)
Rewrite the for loop (0.25)
Complete the Ceaser Cipher Code (0.45)

for (int k = 0; k < 40; k++){
    if (k % 4 == 0){
        System.out.println(k); 
    }
}

Rewrite the code above 3 different times

Your code should be more efficient based execution count
Your code should use 3 different types of loops that you learned above (Hint: You may need to use a list)

for (int k = 0; k < 40; k += 4) {
    System.out.println(k);
}

for (int i = 0; i <= 3; i++) {
    for (int j = 0; j <= 9; j++) {
        int k = i * 10 + j;
        if (k % 4 == 0) {
            System.out.println(k);
        }
    }
}

//using nested loop as learned about above

int k = 0;
while (k < 40) {
    System.out.println(k);
    k += 4;
}

Ceaser Cipher Hacks

Try to write a cipher program that shifts each letter in a message 3 letters forward. Use any of the methods you learned today. Use it to decode the 3 messages we’ve given you!

public class CaesarCipher {
    private static String decode(String word,String[] letters){
        String result="";
        for (int i = 0; i < word.length(); i++) {
            char letter = word.charAt(i);
            if (letter == ' ' || letter == '!') {
                result+=Character.valueOf(letter);
                continue;
            }
            else{
                for (int j = 0; j < letters.length;j++){
                    if(String.valueOf(letter).toLowerCase().equals(letters[j])){
                        result+=letters[(j+3)%26];
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        System.out.println(result);
        return result;
    }
    public static void main(String[] args) {

        String[] letters = {"a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f", "g", "h", "i", "j", "k", "l", "m", "n", "o", "p", "q", "r", "s", "t", "u", "v", "w", "x", "y", "z"};
        String message1 = "Kfzb gly!";
        String message2 = "zlab zlab zlab";
        String message3 = "prmbozxifcoxdfifpqfzbumfxifalzflrp";

        decode(message1,letters);
        decode(message2,letters);
        decode(message3,letters);

    }
}

CaesarCipher.main(null);

nice job!
code code code
supercalifragilisticexpialidocious

Unit 4 Lesson Hacks • 35 min read