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(Find the link in ‘coding’ on SLACK)

Topic 6.1 - Array Creation and Access (Sreeja)

Vocabulary

• Array: a data strucutre used to implement a collection of object referance data
• Element: a single value within an array
• Index of an element: position of an element in the array (In java, the first element of an array is at index 0)
• Length of an array: number of elements in the array

Declaring an Array

Defines the array variable, specifying its data type and name.

// Syntax: dataType[] arrayName;
int[] numbers; // Declare an integer array
String[] names; // Declare a string array

Creating an Array

Gives memory for the array and specifies its size.

// Syntax: arrayName = new dataType[size];
numbers = new int[5]; // Create an integer array with 5 elements
names = new String[3]; // Create a string array with 3 elements

Initializing an Array

Populates the array with initial values.

// Syntax: arrayName = new dataType[size];
numbers = new int[5]; // Create an integer array with 5 elements
names = new String[3]; // Create a string array with 3 elements

Accessing Array Elements

Retrieves a specific element’s value from the array using its index.

int[] numbers = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};
int element = numbers[2]; // Access the third element (30) using index 2
System.out.println(element); // Output: 30

Array Length

Obtains and displays the number of elements in the array.

int[] numbers = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};
int length = numbers.length; // Get the length of the array
System.out.println("Array length: " + length); // Output: Array length: 5

Modifying Array Elements

Updates the value of a specific element in the array.

int[] numbers = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};
numbers[2] = 35; // Change the third element to 35

Iterating Through an Array

Loops through the array, printing each element.

int[] numbers = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};
for (int i = 0; i < numbers.length; i++) {
    System.out.println(numbers[i]);
}

Enhanced For Loop (For-each)

Iterates through the array using a simplified loop structure, printing each element.

int[] numbers = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};
for (int number : numbers) {
    System.out.println(number);
}

Topic 6.2 - Traversing Array (1D) (Tanisha)

Using iteration statements (standard for loops and while loops) to access each element in an array.

Standard For Loop

• An array in java is indexed from 0 to the number of elements - 1.

Review on For Loops

• init: The init expression is used for initializing a variable, and it is executed only once.
• condition: It executes the condition statement for every iteration
• incr/decr: It is the increment or decrement statement applied to the variable, updates the initial expression.

import java.util.Random;

/*  public class RandomArray {
    public static void main(String[] args){
    int [] list = new int[6];
    Random rand = new Random(); 
*/
    // FOR LOOP 1
    for (int i = 0; i < list.length; i++){
        list[i] = rand.nextInt(4);
    }

    // FOR LOOP 2
   for(int element: list){
        System.out.println(element);
    }

/*   }

   }

  RandomArray.main(null);
*/

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ArrayList<Double> grades = new ArrayList<>();
        grades.add(68.9);
        grades.add(71.0);
        grades.add(100.0);
        grades.add(80.0);

        for (int i = 0; i < grades.size(); i++) {
            if (grades.get(i) < 70.0) {
                grades.remove(i);
                i--; // Decrement i to account for the removed element
            }
        }

        System.out.println(grades);
    }
}


Main.main(null);

[71.0, 100.0, 80.0]

Class Discussion-Take Notes, these will count for points in your hacks!

1. What do the for loops accomplish?: The list array is populated with generated random integers. The for loops iterate through the array and assign a random integer to each element in the array.

2. What is the difference between how elements of the array list are accessed?: In FOR LOOP 1, the elements are accessed and modified with an index ‘i’ and the loop iterates from index 0 to 5. In FOR LOOP 2, the elements are accessed with an enhanced for each loop, where each element of the array is directly iterated over, assigning each element to the variable ‘element’.

3. BONUS: When the array list of ints was first created, what was each int in the list initialized to?: Each int in the list was initialized to 0.

For loop : Accessing Some Elements of a List

Class Discussion-Take Notes, these will count for points in your hacks!

1. If I only wanted to access the elements at even indices of the list (0, 2, 4), what could I change in the statement below to accomplish that?: Instead of using index++, you could use index +=2.

2. What about odd?: You could use int index = 1 and then index +=2 to make it all the odd numbers

// EVEN
int[] list = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
System.out.println("Even Index");
for(int index = 0; index < list.length; index+=2){
    System.out.println(list[index]);
}

// ODD
int[] list = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
System.out.println("Odd Index");
for(int index = 1; index < list.length; index+=2){
    System.out.println(list[index]);
}

Even Index
0
2
4
Odd Index
1
3
5

Note: These are NOT traversals, even though these are for loops. This is because not every element in the array is accessed.

Standard While Loop

1. Does the following loop accomplish traversing the array?: Yes, it absolutely does.

int [] list = new int[5];
int index = 0; 

while (index < list.length) 
{
    // Do something
    index ++; 
}

1. This while loop and the for loop we used earlier accomplish the same task. The main difference is that after the loop is completed, the variable ‘index’ in the while loop will still exist. The variable ‘i’ in the for loop will not. Why?: i is a temporary variable which the for loop creates - it is initialized as a condition of the for loop. After the loop is done running, the variable is not there anymore.

Bounds Errors

When traversing an array, we need to be careful with the indices to avoid an ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException being thrown.

ATTENTION: MOST COMMON MISTAKE:

1. What is wrong with the for loop and while loop below? Why does this produce an ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException error? This produces an ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException error since the length returns the number of elements in the list. When they look for the last index in the loop then it gets an element that does not exist.

for(int i = 0; i <= list.length; i ++)

int index = 0; 
while (index <= list.length)

Off by One Error : missing the first or last element of an array when trying to traverse

[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]

// This won't access the last element in the list
for(int i = 0; i <= list.length - 1; i ++)

// This won't access the first element in the list
int index = 1; 
while (index <= list.length)

Developing Methods Using Arrays

Reviewing common methods asked on AP Exam FRQs

Average Value

Complete the popcorn hack below in order to return the average value of the elements in the list numbers.

public class ArrayAverage {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int[] numbers = {5, 10, 15, 20, 25};
        int sum = 0;
        double average;
        
        for (int num : numbers) {
            sum += num; 
        }
        
       
        average = (double) sum / numbers.length; /* missing code */
        
        System.out.println("The average of the numbers is: " + average);
    }
}

ArrayAverage.main(null);

The average of the numbers is: 15.0

6.3 Enhanced for loop for Arrays (Vivian)

• the enhanced for loop is also known as the “for each” loop
• provides a simplified way to loop through elements in an array, collection, or other iterable data structures.

//syntax for enhanced for loop
for (dataType element : array) {
    // code to process 'element'
}

• the data type in the loop must match the array’s element data type.

//array of int matches element int
int[] numbers = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
for (int num : numbers) {
    System.out.println(num);
}

1
2
3
4
5

Comparing a regular for loop with the enhanced for loop

Popcorn Hack: Rewrite this code to use an enhanced for loop instead. make comments explaining what you added/changed

import java.util.List;

class Quote {
    private List<String> quotes;
    private List<String> emotions;

    public Quote(List<String> quotes, List<String> emotions) {
        this.quotes = quotes;
        this.emotions = emotions;
    }

    public void printQuotesWithEmotions() {
        // using enhanced for loop to iterate through both lists simultaneously
        int i = 0;
        for (String quote : quotes) {
            // Check if there are corresponding emotions available
            if (i < emotions.size()) {
                String emotion = emotions.get(i);
                System.out.println("Quote: \"" + quote + "\"");
                System.out.println("Emotion: " + emotion);
                System.out.println("---------------------------");
            }
            i++;
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        List<String> quotes = List.of(
            "Success is not final, failure is not fatal: It is the courage to continue that counts.",
            "The only way to do great work is to love what you do.",
            "The best way to predict the future is to create it."
        );

        List<String> emotions = List.of(
            "Courageous",
            "Passionate",
            "Innovative"
        );

        Quote quotePrinter = new Quote(quotes, emotions);
        quotePrinter.printQuotesWithEmotions();
    }
}

Quote.main(null);

Quote: "Success is not final, failure is not fatal: It is the courage to continue that counts."
Emotion: Courageous
---------------------------
Quote: "The only way to do great work is to love what you do."
Emotion: Passionate
---------------------------
Quote: "The best way to predict the future is to create it."
Emotion: Innovative
---------------------------

What are some of the benefits of using an enhanced for loop in this case versus a regular for loop?: You no longer need a getter.

Limitations to enhanced for loop

• it does not provide access to the index of the current element.
  • This means you cannot easily determine the position of the element in the array or collection.
  • But when you want to search for a specific element in a collection and you don’t necessarily need to access the index
  • If you need to work with indices, you should use a traditional for loop instead.
• read-only access to elements.
  • You cannot modify the elements within the loop
  • Thus, when you need to modify a collection based on a condition. You should use a regular for loop

For the next two code blocks, decide whether or not its better to use a regular for loop or an enhanced one, explain why. write the code for them

1. Searching for an Element in an ArrayList

ArrayList<String> names = new ArrayList<>();
String searchName = "Vivian";

// Add names to the ArrayList 

boolean found = false;
for (String name : names) {
    if (name.equals(searchName)) {
        found = true;
        break; // Once found, exit the loop
    }
}

if (found) {
    System.out.println("Name " + searchName + " was found.");
} else {
    System.out.println("Name " + searchName + " was not found.");
}

1. Removing Even Numbers from an ArrayList

ArrayList<Integer> numbers = new ArrayList<>();

// Add integers to the ArrayList 

for (int i = 0; i < numbers.size(); i++) {
    int currentNumber = numbers.get(i);

    int modifiedNumber = currentNumber * 2;

    // Replace the element with the modified value
    numbers.set(i, modifiedNumber);
}

// Now, numbers contains the modified values

6.4: Developing Algorithms Using Arrays (Isabelle)

How to identify the maximum or minimum value in an array

It is a common task to determine what the largest or smallest value stored is inside an array. In order to do this, we need a method that can take a parameter of an array of primitve values (int or double) and return the item that is at the appropriate extreme.

Inside the method a local variable is needed to store the current max or min value that will be compared against all the values in the array. You can assign the current value to be either the opposite extreme or the first item you would be looking at.

You can use either a standard for loop or an enhanced for loop to determine the max or min. Assign the temporary variable a starting value based on what extreme you are searching for.

Inside the for loop, compare the current value against the local variable; if the current value is better, assign it to the temporary variable. When the loop is over, the local variable will contain the appropriate value and is still available and within scope and can be returned from the method.

Find max in an array of double values

private double findMax(double [] values) {
    double max = values[0];

    for (int index = 1; index < values.length; index++) {
        if (values[index] > max) {
            max = values[index];
        }
    }
    return max;
}

Find min in an array of int values

private int findMin(int [] values) {
    int min = Integer.MAX_VALUE;

    for (int currentValue: values) {
        if (currentValue < min) {
            min = currentValue;
        }
    }
    return min;
}

Let’s Practice!

Popcorn hack #1

// What needs to be changed to find the index of the max value? (write correct code in cell below)
private int findMax(double [] values) {
    double max = values[0];

    for (int index = 1; index < values.length; index++) {
        max = values[index] > values[index-1] ? values[index] : values[index-1];
    }
    return max;
}

How to calculate the average value from objects in an array

It is a common task to determine what is the average value returned from items stored inside an array. In order to do this, we need a method that can take a parameter of an array of Objects (DebugDuck) and calculate and return the average value that each instance of DebugDuck returns from the method.

Inside the method; a local double variable is needed to store the accumulated values. Then we use a for loop to traverse the array and add the current total to the variable. After accumulating all the values we need to divide the total by the number of items stored in the array.

Using a standard for loop

private double calculateAverage(DebugDuck [] ducks) {
    double average = 0.0;

    for (int index = 0; index < ducks.length; index++) {
        average += ducks[index].getQuestionCount();
    }
    average = average / ducks.length;

    return average;
}

Using a standard enhanced loop

private double calculateAverage(DebugDuck [] ducks) {
    double average = 0.0;

    for (DebugDuck currentDuck: ducks) {
        average += currentDuck.getQuestionCount();
    }
    average = average / ducks.length;

    return average;
}

Does the order of accumulation matter? No, the order does not matter since we are just finding the sum regardless.

Can you declare the variable inside the loop? You can declare the variable, but it won’t be accessible outside the loop

Shfiting Array contents to the right

The contents of an array often need to be shifted as part of a solution to using the data inside.

We need to know how much to shift the array by. This will need to be an int obviously.

In order to move the contents we next need to make an empty array of the same size and then iterate over the original array and properly copy the values to the adjusted index in the new array.

We then need to assign the new array back into the original variable.

What kind of for loop should we use? Why?

int [] numbers = {1,2,3,4,5};
int [] shifted = new int [numbers.length];
int shift = 8;
for (int index = 0; index < numbers.length; index++) {
    shifted [Math.abs((index + shift) % numbers.length)] = numbers[index];
}
numbers = shifted;
for (int num : numbers) {
    System.out.println(num + " ");
}

3 
4 
5 
1 
2 

Why are we using the % operator? This will set items at the back of the list.

Popcorn hack #2

How would we code a left shift? Write a left shift using the variables below

String [] words = {"alpha", "beta", "gamma", "delta"};
int shiftWord = 2;

String [] shifted = new String [words.length];
for (int index = 0; index < words.length; index++) {
    shifted [Math.abs((index + shiftWord) % words.length)] = words[index];
}
words = shifted;
for (String word : words ) {
    System.out.println(word + "");
}

gamma
delta
alpha
beta

Why should the array index be wrapped in a call to Math.abs? The array index should be wrapped in a call to Math.abs since we need to make sure that the index is in the valid range of indices for the words array.

Hacks

Scoring Guidelines:

• 0.2 for completeing each of the sub-unit hacks mentioned below.
  • FRQ/PopCorn hacks will be graded AP Style
• 0.1 for having organized notebook with note taking when appropriate.
• Extra 0.1 for going above expectations for the hacks (being creative!)

6.1 HACK 1 FRQ (<5 min)

Follow the steps in the lesson to just make an array that has some relation to your project. Feel free to use the code examples we provided in your hack if you would like.

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Iterator;

public class GitHubCommits {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // Create an ArrayList of GitHub Commits
        ArrayList<String> gitHubCommits = new ArrayList<>();
        gitHubCommits.add("Commit 1 - GitHub Commits: 25");
        gitHubCommits.add("Commit 2 - GitHub Commits: 18");
        gitHubCommits.add("Commit 3 - GitHub Commits: 30");
        gitHubCommits.add("Commit 4 - GitHub Commits: 12");

        // using an iterator in this case
        Iterator<String> iterator = gitHubCommits.iterator();

        while (iterator.hasNext()) {
            String commit = iterator.next();
            int commitCount = extractCommitCount(commit);

            if (commitCount < 20) {
                // remove people's commits less than 20
                iterator.remove();
            }
        }

        // display commits
        for (String commit : gitHubCommits) {
            System.out.println(commit);
        }
    }

    // Helper method to extract the commit count from the commit string
    private static int extractCommitCount(String commit) {
        // Assuming that the format is "Commit X - GitHub Commits: Y"
        String[] parts = commit.split(":");
        if (parts.length > 1) {
            String countPart = parts[1].trim();
            try {
                return Integer.parseInt(countPart);
            } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
                return 0; // error parsing
            }
        }
        return 0; // format should match (int)
    }
}

GitHubCommits.main(null);

Commit 1 - GitHub Commits: 25
Commit 3 - GitHub Commits: 30

6.2 HACK 1 FRQ (<10 min)

Prime Numbers in an Array (5-10 min)

Create a loop to identify and print the prime numbers from an array of integers. Your loop MUST traverse through the given list. Some things to consider:

BONUS: Do this with a for loop AND a while loop

• Understand prime numbers and how to check for primality.
• Implement a loop and conditional statements to iterate through the array.
• Consider data storage (either displaying prime numbers immediately or storing them for later display)

public class PrimeNumberFinder {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int[] numbers = {2, 7, 15, 11, 4, 31, 20, 17};
        
        System.out.println("Prime numbers using a for loop:");
        for (int number : numbers) {
            if (isPrime(number)) {
                System.out.println(number);
            }
        }

        System.out.println("\nPrime numbers using a while loop:");
        int index = 0;
        while (index < numbers.length) {
            if (isPrime(numbers[index])) {
                System.out.println(numbers[index]);
            }
            index++;
        }
    }

    // Helper method to check if a number is prime
    public static boolean isPrime(int num) {
        if (num <= 1) {
            return false;
        }
        if (num <= 3) {
            return true;
        }
        if (num % 2 == 0 || num % 3 == 0) {
            return false;
        }
        for (int i = 5; i * i <= num; i += 6) {
            if (num % i == 0 || num % (i + 2) == 0) {
                return false;
            }
        }
        return true;
    }
}

PrimeNumberFinder.main(null);

Prime numbers using a for loop:
2
7
11
31
17

Prime numbers using a while loop:
2
7
11
31
17

6.2 HACK 2 MCQ (<5 min)

Multiple Choice Questions

Do NOT Run the code cells. Try to do this on your own.

1. What will be displayed as the output?

String [] list = {"red", "yellow", "blue"}; 
for (int i = 0; i < list.length; i++)
{
    System.out.print(list[i].length()+ "-" );
}

• A. red-yellow-blue
• B. 3-3-3-
• C. 3-6-4-
• D. 3-6-
• E. 3-6-4

This is because C accesses the strings within the list and gives the length.

1. The code below is meant to display every other number in the list numbers. Which of the following should replace the missing code in order to do this?

int [] numbers = {3, -4, 6, -7, 2}; 
for(/*missing code*/)
{
    System.out.println(numbers[i]);
}

• A. int i = 0; i < numbers.length/2; i++
• B. int i = 1; i < numbers.length; i++
• C. int i = 1; i < numbers.length; i+=2
• D. int i = 0; i < numbers.length; i++
• E. int i = 0; i < numbers.length; i+=2

This makes sense because each index is skipped by 2, which makes sense in displaying every other number.

1. (This one is a little hard) Which of the following would fix the code so that the elements in arr are reversed. Hint: try creating a list in your head and trace the code to see if the code accomplishes its goal.

public static void reverseArray(double [] arr)
{
    for(int = 0; i< arr.length; i++)
    {
        double temp = arr[i];
        arr[i] = arr[arr.length-1-i];
        arr[arr.length-1-i] = temp; 
    }
}

• A. Change loop condition to: i < arr.length - 1
• B. Change loop condition to: i < arr.length/2
• C. Change loop condition to: i < arr.length/2 - 1

You can divide the length by 2 because the array is being accessed by both sides.

6.3 HACK

• Just finish the popcorn hacks throughout the lesson!

6.4 HACK

• Just finish the 2 popcorn hacks in the lesson!